ABSTRACT
New paradigms of Brazilian dental education involve orthodontics in the context of generalist professional formation, encouraging the recognition of teaching reality of this discipline in undergraduate courses in dentistry. This article discusses the orthodontics discipline in Brazilian dentistry undergraduate courses to identify the number of semesters offered, nomenclature, insertion model, content format and the performance of clinical practice in undergraduate education and its association with characterization variables of the discipline. Electronic questionnaires were sent to 203 dental schools, 55 public and 148 private, registered to the Federal Council of Dentistry in 2013. The questionnaires were answered by 92 teachers of orthodontics, representing 45.3% of the existing dental undergraduate courses in Brazil: 55.4% of which from private and 44.6% public schools. The findings of this research show that orthodontics teaching is present in all undergraduate courses analyzed, is a predominant and integrated subject in pediatric dentistry, addresses the contents in theoretical and practical form both in the laboratory and clinic, and assists children with deciduous and mixed dentition for diagnosis, prevention and interception of malocclusions. Egressed students are able to recognize orthodontic problems and direct these young patients to treatment. The presence of clinical practice was associated with the variables that denote greater investments of higher education institutions in professors, academic credentials and curricular matrix due to the integrality of the contents and course load distribution for the discipline.
Os novos paradigmas da educação Odontológica no Brasil envolvem a Ortodontia no contexto de formação do profissional generalista, instigando o reconhecimento da realidade educacional desta disciplina nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia. Este artigo aborda a situação do ensino da disciplina de Ortodontia nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia do Brasil, buscando identificar a quantidade de semestres de oferta, nomenclatura, modelo de inserção, formatação dos conteúdos, além da atuação no cenário das práticas clínicas de ensino de graduação e sua associação com as variáveis de caracterização da disciplina. Foram enviados questionários eletrônicos às 203 Faculdades de Odontologia sendo 55 públicas e 148 privadas registradas no Conselho Federal de Odontologia em 2013. Os questionários foram respondidos por 92 professores de Ortodontia, representando 45,3% dos cursos de graduação de Odontologia existentes no Brasil, sendo 55,4% particulares e 44,6% públicas. O ensino de Ortodontia está presente em todos os cursos de graduação analisados, inserido predominantemente como disciplina integrada à Odontologia infantil, abordando os conteúdos de forma teórico prática, tanto em laboratório quanto em clínica, assistindo crianças na dentadura decídua e mista para diagnóstico, prevenção e interceptação das más oclusões, formando egressos aptos a reconhecer os problemas de Ortodontia e encaminhá-los para tratamento. A presença de prática clínica mostrou-se associada às variáveis que denotam maior investimento da instituição de ensino superior no corpo docente e sua titulação e na matriz curricular, pela integralidade dos conteúdos e distribuição de carga horária para a disciplina.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics , DentistryABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the expression of Ki-67 and MCM3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as well as to address the correlation with patient survival and clinical features. Samples were collected from 51 patients with OSCC who presented for follow-up. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and MCM3 in all groups was performed. The scoring system was previous published by Tsurutani in 2005. We used Kappa index to evaluate observers agreement degree. The associations between protein expression and clinical variables were examined for statistical significance using the chi-squared test. The overall survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the relationship between protein expression and survival was compared using the log-rank test (p < 0.05). The overall survival time for a patient with positive immunostaining for Ki-67 is shorter than for a patient with negative immunostaining, (log-rank test, p = 0.00882). Patients with tumor size T3 and T4 showed a statistically significant relationship with Ki-67 immunoexpression (log-rank test, p = 0.0174). The relationship between Ki-67 expression and the relation between age, gender, smoking, tumor site, lymph node metastasis and disease stage was not significant. The examiners agreement degree by Kappa presented p value < 0.05. There was not a significant correlation when we evaluated MCM3 expression regarding clinical characteristics and survival rate. From these results, the present study suggests that positive Ki-67 expression found in OSCC patients may contribute to predict the survival in OSCC samples, as well as the relation between the protein and the tumor size.